Beyond Communication: Networks That Know Where Devices Are

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What If Your Communication Network Could Reveal Its Physical Structure?

What if a communication network could tell you not only whether devices are connected, but also where they are connected and how far apart they are?

Traditionally, wired networks have been used solely for communication. Information such as device locations, cable lengths, and network topology must be documented separately and maintained throughout the life of the system.

In simple terms, Nessum can estimate how far apart devices are connected and provide insight into the physical structure of a wired network.

This capability can support network mapping, asset identification, moving equipment tracking, and network health monitoring without requiring additional sensing infrastructure.

Nessum introduces a new capability by enabling distance estimation and topology inference over the same infrastructure already deployed for communication.

 

How Nessum Measures Distance and Infers Network Topology

Nessum, based on IEEE 1901c, supports propagation delay measurement between communicating devices.

By combining measured propagation delay with the propagation characteristics of the cable, the distance between devices can be estimated. Furthermore, propagation delay measurements collected from multiple nodes can be used to infer network topology and estimate cable lengths.

As a result, Nessum devices can provide more than connectivity. They can also provide insight into how a network is physically constructed.

Because Nessum supports a wide range of cable types and network topologies, this capability can be applied across many wired environments, including power lines, control cables, coaxial cables, and twisted-pair wiring.

Unlike traditional cable testing methods such as Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR), Nessum performs these measurements through the communication network itself, enabling continuous visibility into network conditions without dedicated test equipment.

 

Practical Applications

Distance estimation and topology inference open up new possibilities beyond communication.

Here are a few examples of how this information can be used in real-world systems.

Network Mapping and Change Management

Creating and maintaining accurate wiring documentation is often a challenging and time-consuming task.

As systems grow, manually maintained wiring diagrams can become outdated or contain errors. Verifying whether documentation still reflects the actual installation may require significant effort, especially after expansions or modifications.

Distance measurements and inferred topology information can help generate and validate network maps, making it easier to maintain accurate documentation over time.

When new branches or devices are added, updated measurements can reveal how the network structure has changed. This helps maintenance teams verify that modifications match the intended design and identify undocumented changes that may affect future maintenance activities.

Identifying Connected Assets

Many modern systems rely on plug-and-play operation.

Consider an EV charging installation with multiple charging stations. When a vehicle is connected, operators may need to determine which charging station the vehicle is physically connected to for monitoring, billing, or asset management purposes.

Distance and topology information provide additional context that can help identify the physical connection point of the vehicle within the network.

Tracking Moving Equipment

Nessum can also be deployed in systems where moving equipment communicates through power rails.

Examples include automated guided vehicles (AGVs), industrial transport systems, and other mobile platforms that receive both power and communication through the same infrastructure.

By monitoring changes in propagation delay, users can estimate the relative position of moving equipment without requiring dedicated positioning infrastructure.

Network Health Monitoring

Traditional cable diagnostics often require dedicated test equipment, manual measurements, and on-site inspections.

With Nessum, propagation delay information can be obtained through the communication devices already installed in the network. This allows network characteristics to be monitored continuously during normal operation without interrupting service.

The ability to observe changes over time provides valuable insight into network health.

For example, unexpected changes in estimated distance may indicate deteriorating connections, cable degradation, or partial cable faults. These changes may be detected before they develop into communication failures, helping maintenance teams identify potential issues earlier and reduce troubleshooting time.

When combined with communication statistics, distance information can provide additional context for diagnosing abnormal network behavior.

Rather than performing measurements only after a problem occurs, operators can continuously monitor the physical condition of the network using the same infrastructure already deployed for communication.

 

Beyond Communication

Nessum enables more than data communication.

By leveraging propagation delay measurements defined in IEEE 1901c, users can improve network documentation, identify connected assets, track moving equipment, and monitor network health using the same infrastructure already deployed for communication.

The result is a smarter wired network—one that not only carries data, but also provides visibility into the physical structure and condition of the system itself.

 

FAQ: What Can Nessum Distance Estimation Be Used For?

What is Nessum distance estimation?

Nessum uses propagation delay measurements defined in IEEE 1901c to estimate the distance between communicating devices and infer network topology.

What applications can benefit from distance estimation?

Distance estimation can support:

  • Network mapping and documentation
  • Network change management
  • Asset identification
  • Moving equipment tracking
  • Network health monitoring

Does distance estimation require additional sensors or test equipment?

No. Nessum performs distance estimation using the same communication infrastructure already deployed for networking, eliminating the need for dedicated positioning systems or cable diagnostic equipment.

What types of networks can use this capability?

Because Nessum supports a wide range of cable types and topologies—including free-topology networks—distance estimation can be applied to power lines, control cables, coaxial cables, and twisted-pair wiring.

 

Get Started Today

Order your Evaluation Kit and experience the benefits of Nessum today!

About the Author

Kengo Tamukai is a senior engineer specializing in wired and wireless communication technologies. With over 20 years of experience in LSI design, system architecture, and technical marketing, his expertise spans SoC design, OFDM-based technologies, and hybrid communication systems, driving innovation in modern digital networks.

Modernizing BACnet MS/TP Networks with Nessum

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Nessum Enables a Practical Migration Path for BACnet Networks

BACnet/IP is becoming the preferred communication technology for modern building automation systems. IP-based networking simplifies integration, enables centralized management, and provides a foundation for future digital building services.

At the same time, many commercial buildings, hotels, hospitals, and industrial facilities continue to rely on BACnet MS/TP networks that have operated reliably for years. Replacing these systems all at once is often costly, disruptive, and difficult to justify.

Nessum provides a practical migration path by allowing existing BACnet MS/TP devices and new BACnet/IP devices to coexist on the same communication infrastructure. This enables modernization without requiring immediate replacement of installed equipment.

 

Why Is Migration Challenging?

Migrating from BACnet MS/TP to BACnet/IP often involves more than upgrading the communication network.

Projects may require:

  • Replacing field devices
  • Updating network infrastructure
  • Revalidating system configurations
  • Performing commissioning and acceptance testing
  • Scheduling work around occupied facilities

For hospitals, hotels, office buildings, and other continuously operating facilities, extended construction periods can be difficult to accommodate.

Technologies such as 10BASE-T1L are emerging as one option for extending Ethernet over a single twisted pair. However, replacing every BACnet MS/TP device with a BACnet/IP equivalent may still require significant cost, engineering effort, and project time.

As a result, building owners are increasingly looking for migration strategies that preserve existing investments while enabling future growth.

 

 

How Nessum Solves This Problem

Nessum modernizes the communication infrastructure while allowing existing BACnet MS/TP devices to remain in operation.

BACnet MS/TP devices connect through RS-485 Nessum nodes, while BACnet/IP devices connect through Ethernet Nessum nodes. Both communicate across the same Nessum network.

This allows:

  • Existing BACnet MS/TP devices to remain in service
  • New BACnet/IP devices to be introduced gradually
  • Existing wiring infrastructure to be reused
  • Modernization projects to be completed in phases

Most importantly, building owners can preserve existing BACnet MS/TP devices, system configurations, and engineering investments while gradually introducing BACnet/IP where it provides the greatest value.

Instead of requiring a complete replacement, Nessum enables BACnet MS/TP and BACnet/IP systems to coexist throughout the migration process.

 

 

Additional Benefits Beyond Migration

Beyond enabling coexistence, Nessum also introduces capabilities that are difficult to achieve with conventional RS-485 networks.

Nessum is already deployed in a variety of applications, including building automation systems, HVAC networks, and smart metering infrastructure. The same technologies that enable reliable communication in these demanding environments can also provide significant benefits when modernizing BACnet networks.

Compared with conventional RS-485 networks, Nessum provides:

These capabilities simplify installation, improve network resilience, enhance security, and provide greater flexibility when expanding or modernizing building automation systems.

 

 

Why Building Owners Are Considering Nessum

Modernizing a building automation system is not simply about replacing old technology. It is about finding a practical path forward that balances cost, risk, and operational continuity.

By preserving existing BACnet MS/TP devices while enabling BACnet/IP integration, Nessum allows building owners to modernize at their own pace. Existing investments can be protected, disruption can be minimized, and infrastructure upgrades can be phased according to operational requirements.

Nessum enables BACnet MS/TP and BACnet/IP systems to coexist on a common communication infrastructure, allowing building owners to modernize their networks while preserving the value of existing installations.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

Can BACnet MS/TP and BACnet/IP coexist on the same system?

Yes. Nessum provides a common communication infrastructure for both BACnet MS/TP and BACnet/IP devices. BACnet MS/TP devices connect through RS-485 Nessum nodes, while BACnet/IP devices connect through Ethernet Nessum nodes. Both can communicate across the same Nessum network.

 

Does migrating to Nessum require replacing existing BACnet MS/TP devices?

No. Existing BACnet MS/TP devices can remain in operation with their current configurations and application settings. Nessum nodes are added to the communication infrastructure, minimizing the need for device replacement, system redesign, and re-engineering.

 

Does Nessum provide secure communications?

Yes. Nessum supports AES-128 encryption to protect communications across the network. This helps prevent unauthorized interception of data while allowing building automation systems to benefit from modern communication infrastructure.

 

How does Nessum compare with 10BASE-T1L?

Both Nessum and 10BASE-T1L can utilize existing BACnet MS/TP wiring, helping reduce rewiring costs during modernization projects.

The primary difference is migration strategy.

10BASE-T1L is designed for Ethernet-based networks and typically requires BACnet/IP devices throughout the installation. Existing BACnet MS/TP devices are therefore replaced as part of the upgrade.

Nessum allows existing BACnet MS/TP devices and new BACnet/IP devices to coexist on the same network infrastructure, enabling a phased migration without immediate device replacement.

 

What are the main advantages of Nessum for building automation?

Key benefits include:

  • Preserving existing BACnet MS/TP devices
  • Supporting BACnet MS/TP and BACnet/IP coexistence
  • Reusing existing twisted-pair cabling
  • Robust communication in noisy and challenging wiring environments
  • AES-128 encrypted communications to help protect transmitted data
  • Higher communication speeds
  • Free-topology wiring
  • Communication over AC or DC power lines
  • No termination requirements
  • No polarity requirements
  • Simplified installation and future expansion

 

Get Started Today

Order your Evaluation Kit and experience the benefits of Nessum today!

About the Author

Kengo Tamukai is a senior engineer specializing in wired and wireless communication technologies. With over 20 years of experience in LSI design, system architecture, and technical marketing, his expertise spans SoC design, OFDM-based technologies, and hybrid communication systems, driving innovation in modern digital networks.

What Is Free Topology? Why It Is Difficult to Implement in Real-World Networks

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Free topology allows flexible wiring without strict endpoint constraints, making it ideal for real-world installations.

Free topology has many benefits:

  • No need to identify or manage cable endpoints, unlike daisy-chain topology

 

  • Easy to extend from any point, simplifying layout changes

 

  • Minimizing total cable length, Reducing installation and wiring cost

 

  • Support for loop connections, enabling redundancy

 

However, only a few technologies can handle it robustly and at scale.

Why is free topology difficult?

In a free topology network, branches can exist at any point. These branches create impedance mismatches and signal reflections, resulting in frequency-dependent fading (multi-path fading).

A square wave consists of a fundamental frequency and its odd harmonics. When reflections occur, some harmonics are attenuated or canceled, distorting the waveform. This distortion can lead to communication errors.

Which communication technologies can handle this?

Several technologies can handle free topology, with different characteristics:

  • Low-speed RS-485 (~9.6 kbps)
  • Narrowband PLC (~100–500 kbps)
  • Broadband PLC (several Mbps to tens of Mbps)

Low-speed RS-485 can tolerate free topology in practice because its signal spectrum is concentrated at low frequencies, making it less sensitive to reflection-induced notches.

In multi-path environments, shorter branch lengths shift the first notch to higher frequencies. For example, a 500 m branch creates the first notch at around 70 kHz. This is sufficiently higher than the 24 kHz 5th harmonic at 9.6kbps, so low-speed RS-485 is not significantly affected. However, higher data rate signals extend into higher frequencies, where they may overlap with the notch and experience distortion.

 

PLC (Power Line Communication) is inherently suited for free topology networks. The most widely used PLC modulation scheme is OFDM. OFDM divides data across multiple carriers. Even if some carriers are attenuated by notches, communication can continue using the remaining carriers. This makes OFDM highly robust against the frequency-selective fading caused by free topology.

High-Speed Communication in Free Topology: Challenges and Solutions

While low-speed RS-485 works well for simple control signals, its data rate is limited, making it difficult to support modern requirements such as IP-based communication.

Narrowband PLC improves data rates but still has limitations for bandwidth-intensive applications.

Broadband PLC enables significantly higher data rates, making it suitable for modern networks. However, at higher frequencies, not only reflections but also attenuation due to branch splitting becomes significant.

At lower frequencies, 10 branches may behave roughly like 1/10 attenuation.  At higher frequencies, attenuation can increase more rapidly, in some cases approaching exponential behavior (e.g., around 1/2¹⁰ ≈ 1/1024).

To overcome this, multi-hop technology can be used. Multi-hop divides a long, highly attenuated path into multiple shorter links, each with manageable loss. Each node relays the signal, enabling reliable communication over longer distances even under severe attenuation.

Conclusion: Upgrading Free Topology Networks in Real Deployments

Free topology offers significant advantages in real-world installations, especially in buildings, factories, and infrastructure where flexible wiring and future expansion are required.

Broadband PLC combined with multi-hop technology has emerged as a practical candidate to replace legacy low-speed RS-485 networks in such environments. It enables higher data rates while maintaining reliable communication over complex free topology wiring.

One example is Nessum, a Broadband PLC technology that incorporates multi-hop capability. It is already being adopted in real deployments to replace 9.6 kbps RS-485 systems, enabling modern high-speed IP-based communication over existing wiring infrastructure.

 

Get Started Today

Order your Evaluation Kit and experience the benefits of Nessum today!

About the Author

Kengo Tamukai is a senior engineer specializing in wired and wireless communication technologies. With over 20 years of experience in LSI design, system architecture, and technical marketing, his expertise spans SoC design, OFDM-based technologies, and hybrid communication systems, driving innovation in modern digital networks.

 

LonWorks FT-10 Replacement and Migration Guide

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What Comes After the Discontinued Neuron Chip ?

Renesas Electronics has announced the discontinuation of the Neuron® chip.

For many building automation and industrial control systems, this raises a critical question:

How can existing LonWorks FT-10 networks (ISO/IEC 14908-3) be maintained or modernized without rewiring entire buildings?

The answer depends on whether the priority is compatibility or evolution.

Why LonWorks FT-10 Was So Valuable

FT-10 became widely adopted in systems certified by LonMark International because it supported free topology wiring.

Free topology means:

  • Devices can be connected in almost any wiring shape
  • Strict daisy or star topology is not required
  • Installation cost and time are significantly reduced

While many free topology systems operate around 9.6 kbps, FT-10 achieved 78 kbps, offering both higher speed and flexible wiring.

FT-10 is standardized as ISO/IEC 14908-3 within the LonMark protocol family.

Its real value was not only performance — but the freedom it gave system designers and installers when planning new building wiring.

The Core Challenge: Protecting Existing Wiring

When a key component is discontinued, performance improvements may be attractive.

However, in real buildings, rewiring is often the largest cost and risk factor.

Free topology wiring introduces reflections and impedance variations.
Not all communication technologies tolerate this well.

This makes direct replacement more complex than simply choosing a faster PHY.

Is There a Direct FT-10 Compatible Alternative?

Yes.

There are solutions designed to maintain compatibility with existing FT-10 networks, including:

  • Babi-LON
  • FetLON

These solutions implement FT-10 compatible communication, allowing continued operation without changing the physical architecture.

For projects where the primary objective is to maintain the existing LonWorks architecture with minimal change, compatibility-based approaches can be practical.

However, they typically preserve the same bandwidth and overall system structure.

They extend the current design — but do not fundamentally expand it.

Is Ethernet a Replacement Option?

Single Pair Ethernet technologies such as 10BASE-T1L are sometimes considered.

10BASE-T1L supports long cable distances and can operate in daisy-chain configurations.

However, it does not support true free topology wiring.
Structured cabling and controlled topology are still required.

In many existing FT-10 installations, wiring is branched and optimized for flexibility rather than strict topology rules.

As a result, migrating to Ethernet often requires partial or full rewiring — increasing cost and complexity.

Why Power Line Communication Technology Is a Strong Candidate

Power Line Communication (PLC) technologies are inherently tolerant of complex and irregular wiring environments.

Unlike conventional Ethernet, PLC is designed to operate over branching structures where reflections may occur.

There are two major categories:

  • Narrowband PLC (e.g., G3-PLC)
  • Broadband PLC (e.g., Nessum)

G3-PLC is widely used in smart meters and optimized for long-distance, low-bandwidth communication.

Modern control systems — both in buildings and in energy infrastructure — increasingly require higher throughput and faster response.

Broadband PLC technologies such as Nessum provide significantly higher bandwidth while preserving free topology capability.

As a result, Nessum is being adopted not only in building automation systems, but also in next-generation smart meters that demand fast communication for real-time grid control.

Technology Comparison

Feature

FT-10

G3-PLC

Nessum

Topology

Free

Free

Free

Polarity Sensitive

No

No

No

Termination Required

Yes

No

No

Distance Between Two Nodes

300 m

2,000 m

500–1,000 m

Total Cable Length

500 m

2,000 m

2,000 m

Data Rate

78 kbps

~250 kbps

~10,000 kbps

Nessum preserves the installation flexibility of FT-10 while enabling substantially higher performance.

Standardized Evolution Within the Lon Family

FT-10 is standardized as ISO/IEC 14908-3.

Nessum is standardized as ISO/IEC 14908-8.

ISO/IEC 14908 defines the LonMark protocol stack.

Being assigned a dedicated part number within this series means Nessum is officially recognized as a standardized link layer option within the Lon ecosystem.

This is significant.

Nessum is not an external overlay technology.
It is positioned as a formal evolution path within the same ISO/IEC 14908 framework. This provides long-term interoperability assurance and protects system investment.

In addition, Nessum enables:

  • Higher communication speed
  • Larger and more scalable networks
  • Integration with IP-based protocols such as BACnet/IP

With its Ethernet bridge capability, migration toward IP networking can occur step by step — without immediate large-scale rewiring.

Conclusion: Compatibility or Evolution?

The discontinuation of the Neuron chip creates two strategic paths for FT-10 (ISO/IEC 14908-3) systems.

Compatibility Path
FT-10 compatible solutions such as Babi-LON and FetLON allow continuation of the existing architecture with minimal structural change.

Evolution Path
Nessum (ISO/IEC 14908-8) preserves free topology wiring while expanding bandwidth, scalability, and IP readiness. The core requirement of free topology has not changed.

 

The key decision is whether to:

  • Maintain the current system design
  • Or use this transition as an opportunity to modernize while protecting existing wiring

Rather than simply replacing a discontinued chip, organizations can choose a structured, standards-based migration strategy that aligns with long-term building communication needs.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

What replaces LonWorks FT-10 after the Neuron chip discontinuation?

There are two approaches:

  • FT-10 compatible solutions (e.g., Babi-LON, FetLON) for maintaining existing architecture
  • Nessum (ISO/IEC 14908-8) for preserving free topology while enabling higher performance and future IP integration

Can existing LonWorks FT-10 wiring be reused?

Yes.

Both FT-10 compatible solutions and PLC-based technologies such as Nessum are designed to operate over free topology wiring.

Ethernet technologies such as 10BASE-T1L typically require structured topology and may require rewiring.

Is Nessum officially recognized within LonMark?

Yes.

FT-10 is defined as ISO/IEC 14908-3, and Nessum is defined as ISO/IEC 14908-8.
Both belong to the ISO/IEC 14908 series that defines the LonMark protocol stack.

Why not simply migrate to Ethernet?

Ethernet assumes structured topology and controlled cabling conditions.
Many existing free topology installations do not meet these requirements without redesign.

Get Started Today

Order your Evaluation Kit and experience the benefits of Nessum today!

About the Author

Kengo Tamukai is a senior engineer specializing in wired and wireless communication technologies. With over 20 years of experience in LSI design, system architecture, and technical marketing, his expertise spans SoC design, OFDM-based technologies, and hybrid communication systems, driving innovation in modern digital networks.

The Invisible Ethernet Cable – Replacing Short Ethernet Links with Nessum Air

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When people hear “wireless communication,” they usually imagine Wi-Fi or Bluetooth—signals spreading widely through space, sometimes slow, sometimes unstable, and often affected by interference.

Nessum Air takes a fundamentally different approach.
Instead of trying to reach far, it is designed to replace very short Ethernet links—the kind of connections where you would normally use a 100BASE-T cable over tens of centimeters.

By focusing only on communication with the device right next to it, Nessum Air functions as an invisible Ethernet cable, enabling high-speed, reliable, and secure connections, while also allowing many links to be placed densely side by side without interference, all without physical contact.

What Makes Nessum Air Different?

Nessum Air is a short-range wireless technology that behaves much more like a cable than a conventional radio system.

It is designed with a physical layer capable of very high data rates (up to 500 Mbps PHY), allowing two nearby devices to exchange data at high speed without any physical connector. The communication distance is intentionally limited to about 0.5 m and can be adjusted by the size of a small loop antenna.

Unlike Wi-Fi or UWB, which use radiated electromagnetic waves designed to travel far, Nessum Air uses magnetic field coupling.
Magnetic fields decay rapidly with distance and remain tightly confined around the source, which naturally limits how far the signal spreads.

Because of this physical behavior:

  • Signal spread is far smaller than with radiated radio
  • Installation density can be increased by dozens of times
  • Interference between nearby links is minimized
  • Communication remains stable even around metal, dust, oil, or water

In short, Nessum Air trades long-distance reach for precision and stability—exactly what short Ethernet links require.

How Is It Different from Other Wireless Technologies?

Technology Distance Medium Frequency PHY rate
Nessum Air ~0.5m Magnetic field ~56MHz ~500Mbps
NFC ~0.1m Magnetic field 13.56MHz ~0.4Mbps
UWB ~10m Radiated waves 3,100-10,600 MHz ~480Mbps
  • NFC is safe and localized, but far too slow for Ethernet replacement.
  • UWB can be fast, but its radiated signals spread widely, making dense deployment difficult.
  • Nessum Air combines short range with wired-class speed, while keeping signal spread tightly controlled.

What Can You Do with an Invisible Ethernet Cable?

  • A Wear-Free Ethernet Link for Rotating Machines

Rotating machines often rely on slip rings to carry Ethernet or control signals across rotating interfaces. These mechanical contacts wear out, generate noise, and require maintenance.

With Nessum Air, a stationary unit and a rotating unit can exchange Ethernet-class data without touching at all.

There is no mechanical wear, no contact noise, and no connector maintenance—yet control signals and even video data can flow continuously.
In environments exposed to oil, dust, or vibration, Nessum Air provides a practical alternative to conventional slip rings.

  • “Wireless 100BASE-T” Service and Maintenance Connections

In many devices, Ethernet connectors are needed only for setup, diagnostics, or maintenance—but exposing a physical port reduces reliability and sealing.

Nessum Air can act as a temporary, proximity-based Ethernet cable.

By bringing a Nessum Air interface close to a device—much like attaching a magnetic connector—you can access an internal Ethernet port without opening the enclosure.

This is ideal for:

  • Maintenance or service ports not intended for end users
  • Fully sealed or waterproof equipment
  • Systems where exposed connectors are a reliability risk

When you remove it, the Ethernet connection disappears.

 

  • Modular Systems Without Ethernet Wiring

Nessum Air’s short range and limited signal spread naturally enable modular system design.

Each device behaves as a self-contained module with a short-range Ethernet interface.

When modules are placed side by side, Ethernet traffic passes from one module to the next—without cables, connectors, or manual configuration.

Typical examples include:

  • High-density server racks
  • Automated warehouse storage systems
  • Gaming machines installed in rows
  • Expandable delivery lockers
  • Digital signage and video walls

In these systems, adding or removing modules simply extends or shortens the Ethernet chain, while maintaining high-speed, secure, and interference-free communication.

Conclusion

Nessum Air is not meant to replace Wi-Fi, cellular networks, or long Ethernet cables.

Its purpose is more specific:
to replace short Ethernet links in places where cables cause wear, complexity, or reliability problems.

By combining a high-speed physical layer with tightly confined magnetic-field communication, Nessum Air functions as an invisible Ethernet cable—enabling higher installation density, improved reliability, and simpler system design.

As systems become more compact, sealed, and modular, Nessum Air offers a clear and consistent approach to connectivity:
not by reaching farther, but by replacing short cables more precisely.

Get Started Today

Order your Evaluation Kit and experience the benefits of Nessum today!

About the Author
Kengo Tamukai is a senior engineer specializing in wired and wireless communication technologies. With over 20 years of experience in LSI design, system architecture, and technical marketing, his expertise spans SoC design, OFDM-based technologies, and hybrid communication systems, driving innovation in modern digital networks.